PREPERATION OF PHOSPHINE: If the differentiating electron enter into p- orbital than that element belongs to p-block.

p-orbital can accommodate a maximum of 6 electrons. So 6 groups are present in p-block. p-block contain metals, metalloids and non-metals. Non-metals are present only in p-block elements is ns2np1-6. p-block elements do not contain 8 electrons [except group 18 (He - 2)] in their outermost orbit. So they try to acquire 8 electrons either by loosing or gaining or sharing electrons. The properties are influenced by atomic sizes, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electro negativity. First element in the group do not contain d- orbital but the remaining elements contain d and f orbital's due to which the properties vary. In this topic we are going learn about the general trends in the chemistry of elements of Group 15. About the important minerals, occurrences, preparations of elements, properties and uses. Preparation, properties and uses of Nitrogen gas and phosphorous and some of their important compounds. About their oxides, oxyacids etc. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of dioxygen and ozone and chemistry of some simple oxides. Know allotropic forms of sulphur, chemistry of its important compounds and the structures of its oxoacids. Group 15 Consists of five elements namely. N, P, As, Sb, and Bi which have general electronic configuration ns2np3.

Nitrogen differs from other elements of this group due to small size, formation of pπ – pπ multiple bonds with itself and with highly electronegative atom like O or C and non- availability of d-orbital’s to expand its valence shell. Elements of group 15 show gradation in properties They react with oxygen, hydrogen and halogens. They exhibit two important oxidation states, +3 and +5 but +3 oxidation is favoured by heavier elements due to ‘inert pair effect’. Dinitrogen can be prepared in laboratory as well as on industrial scale. It forms oxides in various oxidation states as N2O, NO, N2O3,NO2,N2O4 and N2O5. These oxides have resonating structures and have multiple bonds.

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